Mechanism of Dermorphin
Researchers have performed experiments that have found that Dermorphin is responsible for physiological and behavioral effects. This includes pain perception and autonomic functions. This is due to its opioid activity (Broccardo, M. et al. 1981). In particular, opioid peptides are known to bind to opioid receptors in the brain. This is significant due to the brain responding to the perception of emotion, stress and pain. Dermorphin contain a unique feature based on having a D-Ala residue. The D-Ala residue is vital for the intense and long-lasting opioid activity to occur (Chen, Walker, Zhou and Shaw 105). As a result, Dermorphin effects tend to be carried out by the opioid receptors due to their high affinity. In particular, the peptide is known to primarily interfere with the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system to disturb the signal that is connected to the perception of pain.
Mechanism of Dermatoxin & Phylloxin
In 2005, Chris Shaw and his associates from Queen’s School of pharmacy discovered two peptides that were secreted on the skin of Waxy Monkey Frog.Dermatoxin and Phylloxin derived from their precursor which is a cDNAs cloned from a lyophilized skin secretion. Both peptides have nucleotide sequences of cDNAs within 3’ and 5’ noncoding regions. Dermotoxin are peptides that are found to be the length of 27-34 amino acids (Chen et al. 2005). The dermatoxin peptides that are found on the skin of the waxy monkey frog is first vertebrate to have a defense against filamentous fungi, which leads to the death of many amphibians.
Mechanism of VEGF Ligand
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) ligand is essential to the angiogenesis process during cancer tumor development. The VEGF ligand complex is activated by upstream activators. This includes growth factors and oncogenes. As a result, VEGF will bind to its receptors on the surface of the endothelial cells. This will activate the intracellular tyrosine kinase. This will trigger a downstream signaling cascade that promotes angiogenesis. Primarily the angiogenesis effects are encourage by a mediated response due to the interactions of VEGF-A with VEGFR-2.
VEGF Ligand Complex
1. Upstream activators stimulate the production of VEGF.
2. VEGF binds to receptors on endothelial cells.
3. Angiogenesis is mediated primarily through the interaction of VEGF-A with VEGFR-2.
4. Other variants of the VEGF ligand and receptor play a secondary role in this process.
Researchers have performed experiments that have found that Dermorphin is responsible for physiological and behavioral effects. This includes pain perception and autonomic functions. This is due to its opioid activity (Broccardo, M. et al. 1981). In particular, opioid peptides are known to bind to opioid receptors in the brain. This is significant due to the brain responding to the perception of emotion, stress and pain. Dermorphin contain a unique feature based on having a D-Ala residue. The D-Ala residue is vital for the intense and long-lasting opioid activity to occur (Chen, Walker, Zhou and Shaw 105). As a result, Dermorphin effects tend to be carried out by the opioid receptors due to their high affinity. In particular, the peptide is known to primarily interfere with the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system to disturb the signal that is connected to the perception of pain.
Mechanism of Dermatoxin & Phylloxin
In 2005, Chris Shaw and his associates from Queen’s School of pharmacy discovered two peptides that were secreted on the skin of Waxy Monkey Frog.Dermatoxin and Phylloxin derived from their precursor which is a cDNAs cloned from a lyophilized skin secretion. Both peptides have nucleotide sequences of cDNAs within 3’ and 5’ noncoding regions. Dermotoxin are peptides that are found to be the length of 27-34 amino acids (Chen et al. 2005). The dermatoxin peptides that are found on the skin of the waxy monkey frog is first vertebrate to have a defense against filamentous fungi, which leads to the death of many amphibians.
Mechanism of VEGF Ligand
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) ligand is essential to the angiogenesis process during cancer tumor development. The VEGF ligand complex is activated by upstream activators. This includes growth factors and oncogenes. As a result, VEGF will bind to its receptors on the surface of the endothelial cells. This will activate the intracellular tyrosine kinase. This will trigger a downstream signaling cascade that promotes angiogenesis. Primarily the angiogenesis effects are encourage by a mediated response due to the interactions of VEGF-A with VEGFR-2.
VEGF Ligand Complex
1. Upstream activators stimulate the production of VEGF.
2. VEGF binds to receptors on endothelial cells.
3. Angiogenesis is mediated primarily through the interaction of VEGF-A with VEGFR-2.
4. Other variants of the VEGF ligand and receptor play a secondary role in this process.
A Detailed Look at the VEGF Pathway. Digital image. Biooncology. Web.22 April 2015
Mechanism of VEGF-Targeted
The peptides found in the skin of the Waxy Monkey Frog can switch off angiogenesis. This is significant in regards to pharmaceutical cancer drugs incorporating the amphibian poisons substance. As a result, the peptides would switch off the angiogenesis process to starve and prevent cancer tumors cells from growing. The pharmaceutical cancer drugs must bind to the VEGF. If the drugs bind to the VEGF receptors, the angiogenesis pathway will switch off and the effects of the VEGF signaling cascade will be block. This will encourage the tumor cells to not spread and more than likely kill the cancerous cells.
Mechanism of VEGF-Targeted
The peptides found in the skin of the Waxy Monkey Frog can switch off angiogenesis. This is significant in regards to pharmaceutical cancer drugs incorporating the amphibian poisons substance. As a result, the peptides would switch off the angiogenesis process to starve and prevent cancer tumors cells from growing. The pharmaceutical cancer drugs must bind to the VEGF. If the drugs bind to the VEGF receptors, the angiogenesis pathway will switch off and the effects of the VEGF signaling cascade will be block. This will encourage the tumor cells to not spread and more than likely kill the cancerous cells.
A Detailed Look at the VEGF Pathway. Digital image. Biooncology. Web.22 April 2015